Antagonistic modules also regulate the responses of deetiolated plants to vegetation proximity and shade (i.e. These transcription factors directly and oppositely control the expression of the gene encoding PHYTOENE SYNTHASE (PSY), the first and main rate-determining enzyme of the carotenoid pathway. During deetiolation, their production is regulated by a dynamic repression-activation module formed by PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR1 (PIF1) and LONG HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5). Carotenoids are photosynthetic pigments essential for the protection against excess light.
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